July 20 : Infantry Major Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy who, through occasional contacts with the General Staff, was exposed to classified French information, offers his services to the German Military Attaché, Lieutenant-Colonel von Schwartzkoppen, promising to pass on military secrets.

September 26 : The French Intelligence Services intercept a message (from Esterhazy, but not signed), received Sept 1, 1894 by Schwartzkoppen.
From the nature of the leaks in this memorandum -- the "bordereau,"-- they conclude that the spy must be an artillery officer and a member of the General Staff. In addition, the traitor may have been in contact with different bureaus as an intern.

October 6 : After a brief inquiry, only half a dozen officers seem to match the description, including Captain Alfred Dreyfus, an artillery officer on the General Staff. He is from Alsace, a French province under German rule since the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871), and some members of his wealthy family still reside there. As a probationary officer since January 1893, he has rotated through most of the bureaus of the Ministry of War. He is also Jewish, a fact noted by Sandherr and his deputy Colonel Fabre, both openly antisemitic. They communicate their unsupported suspicions to General Mercier, the Minister of War in the Charles Dupuy Cabinet.

October 15 : After consulting reputable handwriting experts, but still lacking incriminating evidence, General Mercier along with the heads of the General Staff, General de Boisdeffre and his deputy in charge of Intelligence, General Gonse, are now convinced that Dreyfus has been privy to the information leaked to the Germans. In order to obtain an irrefutable handwriting sample, Commandant du Paty de Clam, placed in charge of the investigation, calls Dreyfus and feigns to dictate him a letter based on the wording of the "bordereau." Since the two documents appear to match, Dreyfus is accused of spying and arrested, despite his protestations of innocence. He is sent immediately to the Cherche-Midi military prison.

October 31 : Through a leak from the Headquarters, Edouard Drumont, the publisher of the anti-Semitic paper La Libre Parole, learns of Captain Dreyfus's indictment. The evening issue of Le Soir publicly identifies him, followed the next day by La Libre Parole, which starts a virulent campaign against the Jewish officer.

November 3 : Major d'Ormescheville starts the judicial investigation of the case. His final report, Dec. 3, 1894, recommends a Court-martial.

December 19-22 :During the Dreyfus Court-martial, held in closed session, the judges still hesitate over the evidence, including a ludicrous demonstration from the handwriting expert Bertillon. Obeying orders from General Mercier, Major Henry gives the judges an incriminating file which contains a letter dated May 1894 from the German Military Attaché mentioning "this scoundrel of D..." However, in the name of national security, Dreyfus' defense lawyer Edgar Demange, a civilian, is not made aware of this "dossier secret".
The Military Court is now persuaded by the evidence and thus unanimously pronounces Dreyfus guilty of high treason. Professing his innocence, he is nevertheless condemned to perpetual deportation and military degradation.

December 31 : Dreyfus' petition for appeal is rejected.

1895

January 5 : The degradation takes place in public in the courtyard of the Ecole Militaire. A warrant-officer strips him of his badges and buttons, then draws Dreyfus' sword from its scabbard and snaps it across his knee. During the ordeal, sincere patriots along with an anti-Semitic mob unleash shouts of anger at "the traitor," who continues to maintain that they are punishing the wrong man. Many newspapers echo Dreyfus' alleged confession to Captain Lebrun-Renaud. January 17 : President of the Republic Félix Faure succeeds President Jean Casimir-Périer who has resigned over a minor political dispute . New Cabinet, with Prime Minister Alexandre Ribot. Ludovic Trarieux, Justice Minister. February 22 : Dreyfus begins his journey to the penitentiary in French Guyana. March 12 : Dreyfus arrives in French Guyana.

April 13 : Dreyfus is transferred to Devil's Island, where he will be placed in solitary confinement.

July 1 : After a long illness, Colonel Sandherr dies. A new Chief of Intelligence Services, Lieutenant-Colonel Georges Picquart, another Alsatian like Dreyfus, is chosen among the General staff officers, bypassing Major Henry.

October 28 : New Cabinet, with Prime Minister Léon Bourgeois.

March Another intercepted express letter --"le petit bleu"-- which this time bears Major Esterhazy's signature-- is intercepted.

April 29 : New Cabinet, with Prime Minister Jules Méline. General Billot is Minister of War.

July, 30 : Opening the Dreyfus file to check similarities between the "petit bleu" and the leaked documents from 1894, Picquart gradually realizes that all the evidence brought against Dreyfus, notably the "bordereau," which he can compare with the "petit bleu," is actually the work of Esterhazy.

August 5 : Picquart informs the Chief of the General Staff, General de Boisdeffre, of his suspicions about Esterhazy as the actual spy.

September 3 : Efforts by Picquart to convince the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, General Gonse, of Dreyfus' innocence again prove unsuccessful. He is now considered as a whistle-blower who could bring embarrassment to the General Staff if he keeps insisting in reopening Dreyfus' earlier investigation.
English newspapers are circulating the false news of Dreyfus' escape from Devil's island.
Immediate measures are taken to prevent any future attempts. At night, Dreyfus is kept in irons.

September 14 : Tipped by a leak from Headquarters, an article in L'Eclair mentions for the first time the incriminating secret file communicated to the judges alone during the trial of December 1894. In trying to definitely prove Dreyfus' treason, the paper even quotes -wrongly, but conveniently- the letter mentioning "this scoundrel of D..." now transformed into "this scoundrel of Dreyfus".

September 18 : Citing the revelation of a secret file as new evidence for a mistrial, Lucie Dreyfus petitions the Chamber of Deputies in the name of her husband.
Henry starts tampering with documents in order to incriminate definitely Dreyfus and discredit Picquart later.

October 27 : General de Boisdeffre and General Gonse transfer Picquart from his position and send him to a mission far removed from Paris.

October 31 : With Picquart now out of the way, Major Henry conveniently produces new evidence: a letter allegedly from the Italian Embassy to the German Attaché specifically naming Dreyfus as their contact. This document, fabricated by master-forger Lemercier-Picard -an agent of Henry-, will be later known as "le faux Henry."

November 6 : The wife and the brother of the convicted officer, Lucie and Mathieu Dreyfus, continue to fight untiringly in the hope of a fairer trial. Inspired by their efforts, the writer Bernard-Lazare publishes his brochure Une Erreur judiciaire [A Judicial Error: The Truth on the Dreyfus Affair ] in Brussels, marking the point of departure for a retrial.

November 10 : Thanks to another leak from Headquarters, Le Matin boastingly publishes the copy of the first incriminating document of 1894, the "bordereau," as evidence of Dreyfus' treason.

December General Gonse sends trouble-maker Picquart to a dangerous mission in Tunisia where rebels are rising up against French colonial rule.

June, 21-26 : On a short leave in Paris, fearing retaliation, Picquart shares his convictions with the lawyer Me Louis Leblois, a long time friend from Alsace, but asks him not to reveal publicly his secret.

July 13 : Picquart's lawyer Me Leblois meets with the Vice-President of the Senate, the Alsatian Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, who becomes convinced of Dreyfus's innocence as well and starts his own investigation. However, sworn to secrecy by Leblois, and because the Intelligence Office still keeps all documents restricted to civilians, Scheurer-Kestner cannot find any significant proof of the frame-up. Even during an interview with Mathieu Dreyfus, Scheurer-Kestner refuses identifying Esterhazy because of his promise of silence to Leblois.
Unable to provide evidence of his claim, the cancer ridden Scheurer-Kestner is ridiculed by the anti-Semitic press as totally senile and bribed by a Jewish interest lobby.

August 17 : War Minister General Billot has Esterhazy retired from active duty in the Army "for temporary infirmity," because is has become an embarrassment.

October 16 : At a meeting with Billot, Gonse, Henry and du Paty de Clam decide to warn Esterhazy of the accusations pointed at him.

October 18 : Esterhazy receives a letter conceived by dy Paty de Clam, written by Mme Henry and signed "Espérance", warning him to be more careful.

October 23 : Esterhazy sees Schwartzkoppen for the last time. Later that day, in parc Montsouris, he has a secret interview with du Paty de Clam in disguise, who promises to protect him..

October 29 : Scheurer-Kestner has an inconclusive interview with President Félix Faure.

October 30 : Scheurer-Kestner has lunch with his old friend General Billot, who asks him to be patient.

November 3 : Scheurer-Kestner has an interview with Prime Minister Méline.

November 6 : Bernard-Lazare meets with Emile Zola.

November 8 : Me Leblois visits Zola.

November 10 : Esterhazy, with Henry or du Paty de Clam's approval, sends anonymous letters to Scheurer-Kestner requesting clandestine meetings, then has his mistress, Marguerite Pays, address send mysterious notes signed "Speranza" and "Blanche" to Picquart. Forged messages are also planted in his file to make him appear as the fabricator of the "petit bleu," which he himself had discovered in March 1896.

November 11 : By a twist of fate, Mr. de Castro, a stock-broker from South America, notices a facsimile of the bordereau on sale at a newspaper stand -- thanks to Mathieu Dreyfus' efforts to publicize it as much as possible, in the hope that someone would recognize the handwriting. Realizing that it matches that of one of his clients, Major Esterhazy, he immediately contacts Mathieu Dreyfus.

November 12 : Mathieu Dreyfus goes to see Sheurer-Kestner to check if Esterhazy is the same individual whose identity he has sworn not to reveal. Scheurer-Kestner can finally confirms that Esterhazy is the actual traitor.

November 12-13 : At his home, Scheurer-Kestner has a meeting with Matthieu Dreyfus, Leblois and Zola.
On Devil's Island, Dreyfus' hut is surrounded by a double eight feet high stockade.

November 13 : German authorities order Schwartzkoppen to leave his post in Paris.

November 15 : Scheurer-Kestner declares Dreyfus innocent in an open letter to Le Temps.
Schwartzkoppen leaves Paris for his new position.

November 16 : Mathieu Dreyfus writes the Minister of Justice denouncing Esterhazy as the author of the "bordereau" and sues him.

November 17 : Because of the accusation, the Military Governor of Paris, General Saussier, orders the opening of an inquest on Esterhazy conducted by General de Pellieux.

November 25 : Zola starts a campaign in favor of Dreyfus' cause in Le Figaro.

November 26 : Picquart is recalled to Paris to be questioned as part of the Esterhazy investigation.

November 28 : Le Figaro starts publishing a correspondance from Esterhazy that one of his spurned mistresses, Madame de Boulancy, has communicated to the newspaper in which he vents his contempt for the French, even dreaming to become a German Uhlan.

December 3 : General de Pellieux's inquest exonerating Esterhazy is followed by a second judicial investigation on him, conducted by Major Ravary.

December 4 : Prime Minister Jules Méline declares at the National Assembly: "There is NO Dreyfus affair whatsoever."

December 7 : Scheurer-Kestner tries to rally his colleagues at the Senate but no avail. He is only supported by Ludovic Trarieux, Senator of the department of Gironde.

December 13 : Zola publishes "Letter to youth."

December 26 : Three handwriting experts, Belhomme, Varinard and Couard, declare the bordereau not to be by Esterhazy's hand.

January 1 : Final report by Ravary concludes that a case against Esterhazy lacks evidence and that there is no need for Court-martial. General Saussier however decides with Esterhazy that demanding a Court-martial is the best course to clear him completely.

January 4 : Zola publishes "Letter to France."

January 6 : Ludovic Trarieux publishes an open letter in Le Temps.

January 10-11 : Esterhazy is brought to trial, which is soon held in closed session. He is quickly unanimously acquitted by the Court-martial.
Ironically, Colonel Picquart is indicted for revealing military secrets to civilians and is put under arrest at the Mont-Valérien military prison.
Under pressure from the Dreyfus family, Scheurer-Kestner meets with more celebrities who now believe that Dreyfus has been unfairly convicted. Among those "intellectuals", as they are referred to by the anti-Dreyfusard press, are Joseph Reinach, Marcel Prévost, Anatole France, George Clémenceau, and Emile Zola.

January 13 : In the journal L'Aurore, under the political editorship of Georges Clémenceau, Emile Zola publishes an open "Letter to the President of the Republic" accusing the military of scheming to bring about Dreyfus' disgrace and the handwriting experts of being totally blind. Entitled as a full page headline "J'accuse...!" by Clémenceau, the pamphlet is intended is to force the reopening of the Dreyfus Case, provided that Zola's accusations are not found to be slanderous. The Chamber of Deputies votes to bring Zola to trial. Scheurer-Kestner's term as Vice-president of the Senate is not renewed. In Algiers, violent antisemitic riots are taking place. January 14-16 : L'Aurore publishes a series of petitions by "intellectuals" - writers, scholars, scientists - calling for a retrial. January 18 : Billot lodges a formal judicial complaint against Zola and L'Aurore.

January 21 : The three handwriting experts, "accused" by Zola, start a formal suit for libel.

February 7-23 : Emile Zola's trial takes place in the Cour d'Assises de la Seine (Palace of Justice, Paris) with Clemenceau 's brother and Labori as his defense.
His sensationalistic trial hearings are accompanied by numerous incidents: witnesses are silenced; General de Boisdeffre intimidates the Jury; opponents begin a campaign to defame Zola's family; anti-Semitic hoodlums mob the Court premises; Clémenceau and Drumont, then Picquart and Henry fight in a duel; riots erupt in Paris. Public opinion is divided: out of sincere concern or for more absurd reasons, every level of society becomes involved and takes sides.
During the trial, however, General de Pellieux inadvertently acknowledges the existence of the secret file that was distributed to the judges at Dreyfus' unfair military trial of 1894 and quotes the document produced by Henry Oct. 31 1896, the "faux Henry," thereby offering new evidence for a re-trial.

February 18 : In a waitig room of the Law-Courts, Ludovic Trarieux with other witnesses for the defence of Zola, decide to create a league for the defence of human rights : la Ligue française pour la défense des Droits de l'Homme et du citoyen.

February 23 : Zola is convicted and receives the maximum sentence for libel: one year in jail and a fine of 3000 Francs.

February 26 : By decree, Picquart is dismissed from the Army
Zola appeals against the judgement

March 13 : Lemercier-Picard, author of the forged letter quoted by General de Pellieux a month earlier (the "faux Henry"), is found hanging from the window-catch of his hotel bed-room. Circumstances of death remain unclear.

April 2 : Agreeing on reason of legal technicality, the Court of Appeals overturns the verdict of February 23 granting Zola a new trial.

May 23 : Second Zola trial in Versailles. Labori appeals. Suspension.
In his Petit Journal, Ernest Judet publishes "Zola Père et fils," an article in which he defames the past of Zola's father.

May 24 : Zola sues Judet for libel.

May 15 : The Méline government resigns.

June 4 : Official creation of the Ligue des Droits de l’Homme. Ludovic Trarieux is its first President, assisted by Duclaux, Grimaux and Francis de Pressensé.

June 16 : The Court of Appeals rejects Me Labori's appeal filed May 23.

June 28 : New Cabinet with Henri Brisson as Prime Minister. Godefroy Cavaignac is Minister of War.

July 7 : In an attempt to close the case by producing genuine proofs, Cavaignac, unwittingly presents the National Assembly documents which include a piece of forged evidence, "le faux Henry". Picquart and the Socialist leader Jean Jaurès, however, publicly denounce the falseness of this evidence and challenge Cavaignac.

July 9 : Zola is convicted of libel in the three handwriting experts' libel trial: 2 weeks suspended prison sentence, fine of 2000 Francs, plus 5000 Francs in damages to each of the handwriting experts.

July 12 : Esterhazy is charged with swindling his nephew and having sent forged telegrams to Picquartin November 1897.

July 13 : Picquart arrested for the second time on charges brought by Cavaignac for having divulged military documents to Leblois, a civilian.

July 18 : Second Zola trial, in Versailles.
Zola is convicted again and sentenced to one year in prison and fined 2,000 Francs.
In order to avoid the notice of the sentence being served and to continue fighting, Zola takes refuge in England. Labori files for appeal.

July 19 : Labori appeals the verdict of the three handwriting experts.

July 26 : Zola is suspended from the Légion d'honneur.

August 3 : Judet and Le Petit Journal are convicted of libel.

August 5 : The Court of Appeals rejects the appeal of July 19.

August 10 : The Court of Appeals stiffens the penalties awarded to the handwriting experts: Zola is sentenced to one month in jail, a fine of 2000 Francs and 10,000 Francs in damages to each expert.

August 12 : All charges against Esterhazy are dismissed.

August 13 : While browsing through the still-classified Dreyfus file in the Intelligence office, Captain Cuignet (although an ardent anti-Dreyfusard) realizes that some of the documents have been forged, especially the one naming Dreyfus as a German agent. This particular document is the one so conveniently produced by Lt.-Col. Henry in October 1896 (the "faux Henry") and that Cavaignac has mentionned in the National Assembly, on July 7. Cuignet accuses Henry of having forged the documents to insure Dreyfus' certain condemnation. Henry's still debatable motives might have been to cover Esterhazy (possibly then used as a double agent) and protect his superiors from self-incrimination.

August 27 : Esterhazy dismissed from the army for "habitual misconduct."

August 30-31 : Henry confesses his perjuries against Dreyfus to Cavaignac. He is interned at the military prison, Mont-Valérien, where he commits suicide.
Generals de Boisdeffre and de Pellieux request to be relieved from their duties.
Esterhazy flees to Belgium, then to England.

September 3 : Minister of War Cavaignac resigns, and his statement is posted throughout France.
Lucie Dreyfus petitions once more the Chamber of Deputies requesting a retrial for her husband.

September 5 : General Zurlinden, Military Governor of Paris, becomes Minister of War.

September 17 : General Zurlinden refuses to consider the possibility of a retrial, then resigns. He is replaced by General Chanoine, but is reinstated in his former function as Military Governor of Paris.

September 20 : Zurlinden orders inquiries against Picquart to start.

September 21 : A trial against Picquart and Leblois is postponed.

September 22 : Picquart remains under arrest and is brought to the Cherche-Midi military prison.

September 26 : Citing new evidence, Prime Minister Brisson submits the Dreyfus file to the Court of Cassation requesting a retrial.

September 29 : The Court of Appeals accepts to conduct an investigation of the Dreyfus facts.

September-October Fashoda crisis between England and France.

October 11 : In order for the fine of the August 10 verdict (the equivalent of $ 300,000 today) to be paid in cash, a distraint order is placed on Zola's estate: his furniture and private belongings of his home, rue de Bruxelles, are put up for sale in an in absentia public auction. Editor Eugène Fasquelle buys the first item, Zola's desk, for the total amount of the fine, 32,000 Francs, thus closing the sale.

October 25 : General Chanoine resigns.
Violent antisemitic demonstrations in Paris.

October 26 : The Brisson Cabinet resigns.

October 31 : New Cabinet with Charles Dupuy as Prime Minister. Freycinet is Minister of War.

November 4 : French troops led by Colonel Marchand evacuate Fashoda.

November- Joseph Reinach starts a series of articles in Le Siècle (later published as Le

December Crépuscule des traîtres) in which he accuses Henry of connivance with Esterhazy.

November 18 : Picquart's Court-martial begins.

December 14 : La Libre Parole starts a subscription to help Henry's widow in a suit against Reinach.

December 31 : The Ligue des Patriotes (Nationalist and anti-Dreyfusard) is founded.

January 21 : Following another distraint order and public auction against Zola' estate, publisher Fasquelle buys a mirror and a table for 2500 Francs.

January 27 : Reinach's libel trial at Mme Henry's request.

January 28 : Proposal in the Chamber of Deputies to have the Dreyfus Case heard by a Supreme Court of Appeals, with all three Chambers sitting jointly (loi de désaisissement).

February 10 : The proposal, modifying the normal jurisdictional process, is voted as Law.
The Court of Appeals rejects the demands by the Military to stop the process for retrial.

February 16 : President Félix Faure dies suddenly in his office.

February 18 : Emile Loubet, a supporter of the Dreyfus' cause, succeeds Felix Faure as President of the Republic.
Nationalist demonstrations in Paris.

March 21 : First plenary session of the Supreme Court of Appeals, with all three Chambers sitting jointly, Charles Mazeau presiding.
The sessions will end April 23. Cuignet and du Paty de Clam have been summoned.

June 1 : Du Paty de Clam is arrested.

June 3 : The Court of Appeals overturns the verdict of 1894. The circumstances of the arrest, the trial of 1894, and the new facts which have since been established all indicate the innocence of Dreyfus. By decree, Dreyfus is called before a new Court-martial remanded at Rennes. Du Paty de Clam is arrested.

June 4 : At the horse races in Auteuil, Baron Christiani attacks President Loubet with his cane.

June 5 : Zola returns to France from England and challenges the Versailles verdict.
Picquart is released from prison
Dreyfus is informed that his retrial has been finally granted.
He leaves Devil's island on June 9.

June 12 : Prime Minister Dupuy resigns.

June 22 : Prime Minister René Waldeck-Rousseau starts a new Cabinet, called the "government of the Republican Defense." Its name derives from the association of extremes, such as the Socialist Millerand as new Minister of Commerce, with General de Galliffet, infamous for his bloody repression of the Communards in 1871, now Minister of War.

July 1 : Dreyfus returns to France and is jailed at the military prison in Rennes.

July18 : Esterhazy reveals in Le Matin that he wrote the "bordereau," but "under dictation" and by order from his superiors.

August 7 : The new Dreyfus trial takes place in Rennes, in Brittany, in an attempt to avoid the Parisian populace.

August 12 : General Mercier is subpoenaed as a witness.
In Paris, the Police start arresting Nationalist demonstrators, including Paul Déroulède. Jules Guérin, director of L'Antijuif, an antisemitic paper, barricades himself with some friends in the Free-Mason headquarters, rue de Chabrol. The antic, which lasts until September 20, will be nicknamed by the press "the siege of Fort Chabrol"

August 14 : In Rennes, a fanatic fires shots at Dreyfus' lawyer Labori, who remains in critical condition for a few days.

September 9 : Despite the evidence of his innocence, the Military Court finds Dreyfus guilty of treason once again, this time with "extenuating circumstances," and condemns him to ten years detention. The verdict causes an uproar.

September 19 : With full approval of the Waldeck-Rousseau Cabinet, President Loubet signs Dreyfus' pardon. Against the advice of most of his supporters, the innocent officer, exhausted after six years of solitary confinement, accepts the Presidential grace with the proviso he can continue his fight to prove his innocence.
Scheurer-Kestner, who has been battling cancer for a long time, dies on the same day.

September 21 : Minister of War, General de Galliffet, proclaims in a military order: "the incident is over."

March 1 : A bill calling for amnesty of all matters related with the Affair is introduced by the Senate.

May, 28 : Galliffet resigns as Minister of War. He is replaced by General André.

December 18 : The Chamber of Deputies passes the "amnesty law"

December 27 : The general amnesty law, covering all infractions of law and all lawsuits linked with the Dreyfus Affair, is finally approved by the Senate
Alfred Dreyfus, however, requests and is granted an exception in order to pursue his case for exoneration.

June 15 : New Cabinet, with Emile Combes as Prime Minister. Minister of War, General André.

September 29 : Zola dies "accidentally," poisoned at his house by carbon monoxide. At his funeral, October 5, Anatole France declares that "he was a moment in the conscience of man"

April 6 : In the Chamber of Deputies, Jaurès calls for retrial of the Rennes verdict, citing the "bordereau" as a probable influence on the judges' decision.

June 4 : Minister of War André asks his deputy, Captain Targe, to begin investigation on the Rennes verdict.

September 1 : Death of Bernard-Lazare.

October 19 : General André announces the conclusions of Captain Targe are favorable to Dreyfus and that they open the possibilily of a retrial.

November 26 : Dreyfus requests from the Minister of Justice a retrial of his Rennes conviction based on General André's inquiry.

March 5 : The Criminal Chamber of Cassation grants Dreyfus a re-investigation of his case.

March 13 : Death of Ludovic Trarieux, in Paris, 4, Rue de Logelbach.

November 19 : End of the investigation, favorable to Dreyfus

November 28 : The Criminal Chamber of Cassation finds Dreyfus innocent. Case is referred to the Supreme Court of Appeals, with all three Chambers sitting jointly.

July 12 : After a new inquiry, the Supreme Court of Appeals, with all three Chambers sitting jointly, annuls the Rennes verdict, pronounces the rehabilitation of Dreyfus and proclaims his innocence.

July 13 : The Chamber of Deputies passes a law reinstating Dreyfus in the Army as a Lieutenant-Colonel and Picquart as Commander-General. Another bill is passed for Zola's ashes to be placed in the Panthéon.